Metabolic enzymes as oncogenes or tumor suppressors.

n engl j med 360;8 nejm.org february 19, 2009 813 medicines should be an overarching goal for pharmacotherapy over the next decade. Pharmacogenetics has the potential to increase benefit and reduce harm in people whose drug responses are not “average.” In some cases, randomized, controlled trials will be needed to determine whether pharmacogenetic testing is worthwhile; in others, less rigorous approaches will suffice. Given the expected volume of genetic information and the relative paucity of randomized, controlled trials involving marketed drugs, we need clear thinking about what is required for the adoption of pharmacogenetic testing.